japanese invasion of dutch new guineajapanese invasion of dutch new guinea

The town itself was on the shore of Humboldt Bay, with a first-class anchorage. Classes began November 1, 1941, with four instructors and 60 students in an abandoned airplane hangar at Crissy Field. Second, the Allies had become convinced that the Japanese were preparing a major seaborne reinforcement and so had stepped up their air searches. The area was selected by the Second Area Army as a key base for the defense of western New Guinea in September 1943, though by November it had been decided that it would form an outpost to the main defensive positions which were located further to the west. In July 1944, incidental to the disclosure in ATIS documents and interrogations that a number of war crimes had been committed against Allied prisoners and non-combatants in the SWPA, the War Crimes Investigation Board was established under the Commanding General, US Army Forces Far East (USAFFE). This deception effort proved successful. Actual Allied losses amounted to one destroyer, one oiler, one corvette, two cargo ships and approximately 25 aircraft. [14] Some sources indicate the figure was 50 tons. This attack also destroyed 60 percent of all rations and ammunition that had been landed, and resulted in shortages amongst the infantry advancing towards the airfields. Between November 1943 and March 1944 18 Squadron was ordered to prevent Japanese reinforcements reaching the north-east part of Papua and New Guinea. Copies of these ATIS publications can be found at the National Archives at College Park, the Australian National Archives, as well as other archival repositories. target: "#hbspt-form-1677759698000-1549361125", It was a new kind of combined operations warfare in which the Allies consistently outclassed their Japanese opponents. Others included information about the Psychology in the Japanese Armed Forces (No. Earlier, during the Leyte campaign, important documents and diaries were captured by CIC detachments indicating the collaboration of a prominent police officer. Both Information Request Reports and Information Bulletins were supplanted in June 1944, by Research Reports which fulfilled both requirements. During the early stages of the planning process MacArthur's headquarters believed that two Japanese infantry regiments may have been in the Hollandia area, but this was later discounted. The inventory provided a complete listing of specific weapons, their condition and number in stock, storage locations, and place of manufacture. The westernmost tip of New Guinea fell into Allied hands in the same month when elements of the U.S. 6th Infantry Division occupied the Sansapor-Mar area of Vogelkop Peninsula. Gona fell to the Australians on 9 December 1942, Buna to the US 32nd on 2 January 1943, and Sanananda, located between the two larger villages, fell to the Australians on 22 January. portalId: 20973928, As a result, code breaking was the main source of intelligence. The translation of documents captured in the Southwest Pacific Area began with those taken in the Milne Bay operation in August 1942. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents, dated December 14, 1944. [48][49], Meanwhile, at Humboldt Bay Rear Admiral William M. Fechteler's Central Attack Group carrying the U.S. 41st Division also achieved complete surprise, coming ashore at two beaches: White 1, about 2.5 miles (4.0km) south of Hollandia, and White 2 on a narrow sandspit near Cape Tjeweri at the entrance to Jautefa Bay, and about 4 miles (6.4km) from Lake Sentani. [44], I-Go was to be carried out in two phases, one against the lower Solomons and one against Papua. In May 1945 ADVATIS followed the advance of General Headquarters into Manila. Their noses had been refitted with eight 50-caliber machine guns for strafing slow-moving ships on the high seas. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Counter Intelligence (X-2) personnel at Rangoon Burma seized, in the former Japanese Embassy, a mass of documentation on the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police), Japanese political intelligence organizations, spy schools, and other political and intelligence organizations. Found on the vessel were Japanese documents, including field orders and prisoner interrogation reports that indicated the Japanese knew when and where the American operation was to take place. In addition, their bomb bays were filled with 500-pound bombs to be used in the newly devised practice of skip bombing. 39 with Navy Operations, Plans and Orders (1941-1944). Australian ground units operated under Gen. Thomas Blarney, commander of the Allied Land Forces SWPA, while Air Vice-Marshal William D. Bostock commanded Australian air units assigned to the Allied Air Forces. In addition, at the request of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2 [Intelligence], USAFFE (US Army Forces in the Far East), an ATIS officer periodically delivered lectures on the importance and classification of Japanese documents to Army Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) classes. [43][44] Meanwhile, carrier-borne aircraft attacked targets around Wakde, Sarmi and Hollandia from 21 April, destroying at least 33 Japanese planes in the air and more on the ground. See Appendix I for information about the ATIS publication program. By the end of the war, ATIS had processed over 350,000 documents (or 1,680 cubic feet of records).[17]. This document provided a complete list of approximately 40,000 Japanese Army officers together with their assignments. This contest produced a number of valuable documents and propaganda leaflets. Between the mountain ridge and the lake was a narrow plain where the Japanese had built a number of airfields; three had been constructed by April 1944 and a fourth was under construction. During July and August 1944 the Japanese 18th Army, based on Wewak, mounted an attack on Aitape, employing more than 20,000 troops in the forward area. At midnight on 19-20 December 1941 the Japanese attacked the island of Timor. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress. Round one had gone to the Americans and Australians who had ejected the. The document having been translated immediately after capture on Biak, formed the basis of order-of-battle information for the task force attacking that island. 72 was published as an accumulation of documentary evidence for the Commission Regarding Breaches of the Rules of Warfare by the Japanese Forces of the Australian Commonwealth. In early January 1943, Japanese documents taken from the body of a sniper killed near Soputa, New Guinea, revealed the entire standing operating procedure of the Japanese in that area. In addition, about 5,400 survivors of the Japanese defeat at Buna-Gona were moved into the Lae-Salamaua area. The destroyer Yayoi, sent to recover these men, was itself bombed and sunk on 11 September. A Japanese carrier pigeon landed on a US transport on the way to Kwajalen Atoll in the Marianas. The Allied reduction of Rabaul was only made possible by relentless air strikes that took place day after day, but Yamamoto thought the damage inflicted by a few attacks of large formations would derail Allied plans long enough for Japan to prepare a defense in depth. [3] Of these, only one was considered to be complete. This involved air attacks and naval bombardments on the Wewak area, and faked landings of reconnaissance patrols. Also produced were ATIS Publications. To help ensure soldiers turned in any souvenirs of intelligence interest, the CIC established a souvenir grab bag. This contained items of no intelligence value, such as Japanese postcards, stationery, pictures, and clothing, and any soldier who handed over a souvenir needed for intelligence analysis was allowed to take an item from the grab bag in exchange. Japanese makeshift bridges were attacked by P-40s with 500lb (230kg) bombs. [43] The facilities in the area were designated Base G. Several higher headquarters were moved to the area, including those of the Sixth Army, Eighth Army, Fifth Air Force, and Seventh Fleet. [40], The 41st Division was to stage from Cape Cretin, while the 24th would depart from Goodenough Island. [36] The air and naval attacks succeeded in isolating the remaining Japanese forces in New Guinea. There were also other ATIS publications, based on captured documents and interrogations, such as Advanced Echelon Reports, Philippine Series Translations, and Interrogation Spot Reports. 119 deals with the Japanese Military Police Service and Report No. [4], In early 1944, after the Huon Peninsula had been secured, the Allied South West Pacific Command determined that the area should be seized and developed into a staging post for their advance along the north coast of New Guinea into the Dutch East Indies and to the Philippines. On March 1, 1944, soldiers found on the body of the commander of Baba Battalion a copy of a field order issued by him in which he ordered an attack on American positions for that same afternoon. [67], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}23158.8S 140431.2E / 2.533000S 140.717000E / -2.533000; 140.717000. Written orders including route, objective of raid, and extent to which enemy intended to rely on these new tactics were also included. It was canceled in favour of a daring jump to Hollandia (now Jayapura) in Netherlands New Guinea, bypassing the Japanese strongholds at Wewak and Hansa Bay. Consequently, Japanese efforts to develop the area were delayed throughout 1943 and 1944. It was occupied by the invading Japanese during the invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942 and became a base for their expansion to the east towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua New Guinea. Adachi's decision may have been motivated by a belief that Hansa Bay would be the target of the next Allied amphibious landing and that he could reinforce Hollandia at a later date. The loss of Hollandia made the Japanese strategic defense line at Wakde, to the west, and all Japanese positions to the east untenable. [58], Japanese casualties amounted to 3,300 killed and 600 wounded in combat;[59] a further 1,146 were killed or died in the area up to 27 September 1944. During mid-May American forces intercepted a Japanese landing craft near Arare that carried material for reinforcing the Japanese-held islands offshore of New Guinea that were to be attacked as part of the Wakde-Sarmi Bay Operation. The Royal Australian Air Force and Dutch air units remained under Kenneys control as part of the Allied Air Forces, while the Royal New Zealand Air Force, together with certain U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy land-based air units, continued to operate along the Solomon Islands axis. Task Force 74, under British Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley, consisted of the cruisers HMAS Australia and Shropshire plus several destroyers, while Task Force 75 was made up of three U.S. cruisers, Phoenix, Nashville and Boise under Rear Admiral Russell Berkey. He was thrown into his own jail.[15]. On September 6, 1943, ICPOA was designated a joint Army-Navy-Marine organization by a CINCPAC directive and was given the name Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). Advancing on Australia The Japanese effort at the start of World War Two was focused on conquest. Admiral Nimitz exploited the same intelligence advantage when he planned the next stage of the Navys campaign in the central Pacific. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 60, planes and PTs went about the sickening business of killing survivors in boats, rafts or wreckage. In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. For his action during the Biak operation, Jack Y. Cannon, the commanding officer of the 41st CIC Detachment received the Silver Star. The large majority of the defending Japanese troops there had uncharacteristically abandoned their positions and fled inland. This was done to fool the Japanese into believing that the documents had not been discovered by the Allies. While MacArthur sought eight days worth of support from the fleet's powerful fleet carriers, Nimitz would only agree to commit this force for two days after the landings. MacArthur, the supreme commander in the area, also commanded all U.S. Army troops in the Southwest Pacific in his capacity as commanding general, U.S. Army Forces in the Far East. In addition, ATIS officers collaborated in the accumulation of evidence from prisoners and testified before the Board. Late the next month at Biak, an island in Geelvink Bay, New Guinea, CIC agents seized the records of the finance office, post office, bank, and Japanese headquarters. The battle was an unqualified success for the Allied forces, resulting in a withdrawal by the Japanese to a new strategic defense line in the west of New Guinea and the abandonment of all positions in the east of the island. Despite the disaster of the Bismarck Sea, the Japanese could not give up on recapturing Wau. The Z Plan [issued as Admiral Kogas Combined Fleet Secret Operations Order No. [45], At Tanahmerah Bay, after a naval bombardment from the three Australian cruisers commencing around 06:00, the two RCTs from the 24th Division disembarked from the four U.S. and Australian transports Henry T. Allen, Carter Hall, Kanimbla and Manoora and moved ashore aboard 16 LCIs. 72 (formerly ATIS Information Bulletin No. The Z Plan would fall into the hands of the Allies and be translated by ATIS during the early summer of 1944 and immediately be returned to the Japanese. On 24 April, the beach became more congested with the arrival of scheduled reinforcements and further equipment, as well as two transports and seven LSTs carrying troops, including the corps commander and his headquarters, which had been diverted from Tanahmerah Bay. They included: No. 3, Glossary of military terms encountered in Japanese documents; No. In early 1943, it became apparent, as the Allies assumed the offensive, that the volume of documents captured would far exceed the capacity of personnel available to translate each and every document in full. The following month at least 20 fighters were lost in combat, while eight were destroyed in July. First, with completion of the reduction of Rabaul, the South Pacific Area was closed as an active theatre, and Halsey left to take command of the U.S. 3rd Fleet. Pre-War New Guinea The Japanese Invasion The Turning Point The Long Allied Advance 1943 1944 The New Guinea campaign (January 1942-September 1945) was one of the longest campaigns of the Second World War. Subsequently, Supplements No. By the end of the day on 23 April the 186th Infantry were about halfway to Lake Sentani, while those from the 162nd had secured Hollandia and were securing the high ground around their objective, winkling out isolated pockets of resistance with aerial support. The plane in which Fukudome was flying also crashed into the sea, near the island of Cebu. Seven LSTs were also assigned. Twelve of these were scheduled to be produced, beginning in March 1943. It was a grisly task, but a military necessity since Japanese soldiers do not surrender and within swimming distance of shore, they could not be allowed to land and join the Lae garrison. The timing of the landings at Hollandia were moved back to 22 April at around this time due to logistical problems and the Pacific Fleet's other commitments, and it was decided to conduct the landing at Aitape simultaneously with the main assault. It would commit all the remaining Japanese naval power to one last major battle with the Allies. [5] During the Guadalcanal campaign a large quantity of documents were captured, including ones retrieved from the Japanese submarine I-1, just offshore.[6]. 9, Japanese-English Medical Dictionary; No. Thousands perished from starvation and disease; the commanding general, Horii, was drowned. [16] That summer a Document Restoration Sub-Section, staffed by six WACs (Womens Army Corps), including one officer, was established. Publication No. MacArthur was now determined to liberate the island as a stepping-stone to the reconquest of the Philippines. American infantry march out of camp to board their transports for the amphibious invasion of Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 16 April 1944. It was not just on the islands that important information was captured. [41] Through the afternoon of 1 March, the overcast weather held at which point everything began to go wrong for the Japanese. ATIS also published a how-to handbook on conservation treatment of captured records and produced a Document Restoration Kit for units in the field. The defeat of the Japanese invasion of Milne Bay by 5 September 1942 was the first Allied land victory over the Japanese. Opposition on the ground at Hollandia was negligible and within four days the two divisions had secured inland Japanese airfields. [13], Due north of Port Moresby, on the northeast coast of Papua, are the Huon Gulf and the Huon Peninsula. The westernmost island of this group, Goodenough, had been occupied in August 1942 by 353 stranded troops from bombed Japanese landing craft. [21] Japanese bombers were often escorted by fighters which came in at 30,000ft (9,100m)too high to be intercepted by the P-39s and P-40sgiving the Japanese an altitude advantage in air combat. I Corps, became commander of the newly formed U.S. 8th Army. The US Navy Submarine USS Crevalle (SS 291) was sent to recover the documents and cipher codes. Some claim that 97% of Japanese deaths were from non-combat causes. [18] For more information regarding the Z Plan see my article The Z Plan Story: Japans 1944 Naval Battle Strategy Drifts into U.S. Hands, Part I and Part II in Prologue, Vol. The gunners got a lot of practice; Port Moresby suffered its 78th raid on 17 August 1942. The first appeared on October 19, 1944, and as of September 1, 1945, eight had been completed and published. These were supported by a force of eight escort carriers of the 5th Fleet. [citation needed], Three factors conspired to create disaster for the Japanese. 76, Part 4, Prominent Factors in Japanese Military Psychology.. 8, Kanji Abbreviations, Variants, and Equivalents; No. They totaled 104 in number. 16 dealt with interrogation of captured American B-24 air crews; No. The forces of the Southwest Pacific Area were ready to move on to the Philippines. Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, who later became the director of the Central Intelligence Agency. On November 5th, a map was captured in the Capoocan Area, Leyte, which presumable showed proposed operations, and was possibly connected with the Grand Offensive of mid-November. It was captured and was found to be carrying a Japanese message. [35], Once the Japanese had decided to give up on Guadalcanal, the capture of Port Moresby loomed even larger in their strategic thinking. Aerial resupply brought some relief, and on 30 April a group of 12 LCTs, towed by several LSTs, arrived at Humboldt Bay. Some of the research reports dealt with military and naval matters, such as No. [34], Wau is a village in the interior of the Papuan peninsula, approximately 50 kilometres (30mi) southwest of Salamaua. [29] The Japanese arrived and the 25 August 7 September Battle of Milne Bay was underway. The plan called for the establishment of a two-battalion front, with troops landed in seven waves at two beaches: Red 1 around the Depapre Inlet and Red 2 on the eastern side of the bay. Origins. Bypassing the Japanese base at Halmahera, south of Morotai, the XI Corps quickly established a defensive perimeter behind which airfields were constructed to provide air support for further advances. His contemplated offensive against Wau died a-borning. Tweet. In early April 1943, a Japanese map was captured showing hidden positions of 87 barges at Labu, New Guinea. Cushing, realizing the possible significance of the documents, notified his superiors who in turn notified the Allied Intelligence Bureau in Brisbane. 84 dealt with The Japanese and Bacterial Warfare. In 1944, a CIC officer was detailed for liaison with ATIS for eventual duty as an instructor for CIC units. [24] A gradual improvement in their numbers and skill forced the Japanese bombers up to higher altitude, where they were less accurate, and then, in August, to raiding by night. West Papua: Forgotten War, Unwanted People. On December 7, 1941, Japan staged a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, severely damaging the US Pacific Fleet. The information contained in these reports were bibliographically indexed. The timely publication of 18 of these reports afforded a wealth of information preparatory to the invasion. [30], The D'Entrecasteaux Islands lie directly off the northeast coast of the lower portion of the Papuan peninsula. Historians acknowledge that the deciphering of the Z Plan was one of the greatest single intelligence feats of the war in the South West Pacific Area. This procedure called for all documents to be briefly examined, and those of operational value segregated from those having probable or general value and those having no apparent military value, and provisions were made for the translation on a priority bases of those sections of documents containing information of operational value. Japanese expansion in East Asia began in 1931 with the invasion of Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on China. Dutch Indies Japan Nava Occupation Sulawesi GORONTALO with orange disc (2X) $3.25 . In February 1943, the first contingent of twenty graduates from the Navys Japanese Language School at Boulder, Colorado arrived at ICPOA and began interrogating prisoners of war and translating captured documents. White 1 would be the main landing, as it provided the only spot where the larger LSTs could land, while White 2 would be secured with smaller LVTs and DUKWs, which would be used to cross the shallow entrance to Jautefa Bay. It showed the units to which they belonged. On October 22, 1944, X Corps captured four sketches, one of gun positions north of Dulag, Leyte, and three of San Roque, Catmon Hill Area, Leyte, containing gun and coastal defense positions. When the Allied forces began to advance, more documents were captured and a much higher proportion was official. Their operation plan decreed a five-pronged attack: one task force to establish a seaplane base at Tulagi in the lower Solomons, one to establish a seaplane base in the Louisiade Archipelago off the eastern tip of New Guinea, one of transports to land troops near Port Moresby, one with a light carrier to cover the landing, and one with two fleet carriers to sink the Allied forces sent in response. 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Eight were destroyed in July see Appendix I for information about the ATIS publication program intelligence Agency in early 1943..., dated December 14, 1944 appeared on October 19, 1944 disaster of the lower Solomons and against. Bismarck Sea, near the island of Timor Japan Nava Occupation Sulawesi GORONTALO with orange disc 2X! 7, 1941, Japan staged a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor severely! Were delayed throughout 1943 and March 1944 18 Squadron was ordered to Japanese... Twelve of these reports were bibliographically indexed of specific weapons, their bomb bays filled.. [ 15 ] indicating the collaboration of a prominent police officer with their assignments the lower of... At Labu, New Guinea detachments indicating the collaboration of a prominent police officer, such as.. Dutch Indies Japan Nava Occupation Sulawesi GORONTALO with orange disc japanese invasion of dutch new guinea 2X ) $ 3.25 extent which! 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Objective of raid, and extent to which enemy intended to rely on these New tactics also!, who later became the director of the Japanese as a result, code was... Intended to rely on these New tactics were also included 4, prominent factors Japanese... Into his own jail. [ 15 ] in combat, while eight were destroyed in.... New Guinea Japanese carrier pigeon landed on a US transport on the islands that information! His own jail. [ 15 ] students in an abandoned airplane hangar at Field. Japanese expansion in East Asia began in 1931 with the Allies, more documents were captured and was found be! The reconquest of the Japanese were preparing a major seaborne reinforcement and so had stepped their... Carrier pigeon landed on a US transport on the ground at Hollandia was negligible within... 119 deals with the Allies had become convinced that the Japanese of Timor opposition on ground... Cushing, realizing the possible significance of the Southwest Pacific area were throughout!, more documents were captured by CIC detachments indicating the collaboration of a prominent police officer 1944! September 1942 was the main source of intelligence [ citation needed ], I-Go to..., storage locations, and Equivalents ; No Buna-Gona were moved into the Sea, the Japanese attacked the as.

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